ÖíµÄ¼¯Ô¼»¯¡¢¹æÄ£»¯ËÇÑø¸üÊÇʹÖíµÄºÜ¶àÌìÐÔÎÞ·¨µÃµ½±í´ï£¬Ê¹ÖíµÖ¿¹¼²²¡µÄÄÜÁ¦´ó´ó½µµÍ¡£¶øÇÒÏÖ½ñ²¡¶¾µÄ±äÒìÄÜÁ¦ÓúÀ´ÓúÇ¿£¬µ¥Ò»µÄÒßÃçºÜ¶àʱºò²»ÄÜºÜºÃµÄÆðµ½Ô¤·À¼²²¡µÄЧ¹û¡£ÎÒÃǶÔÓÚ¼²²¡µÄÖÎÁƺܶàʱºòÖ»ÄÜÊÇÖα겻Öα¾¡£Öí»¼²¡Ö®ºóÖÎÁÆÐ§¹û²»Ò»£¬»áÑÏÖØÓ°ÏìÆäÉú²úÐÔÄÜ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ºÜ¶àÊÞҽר¼ÒÌá³öÁË“ÑøÖØÓÚ·À¡¢·ÀÖØÓÚÖΡ¢×ۺϷÀÖΔµÄ¼²²¡·À¿ØÔÔò£¬¶øÎ¢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼ÁµÄÓŵã¾ÍÊÇ“»¼²¡Öβ¡£¬Î´²¡·À²¡£¬ÎÞ²¡±£½¡”£¬Äܹ»¶ÔÓÚÖíÉíÌåµÄ½¡¿µºÍ¼²²¡µÄ·À¿Ø²úÉúºÜ´óµÄÕýÃæÐ§Ó¦£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹Î¢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼ÁÔÚÑøÖíÒµÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃÒ²ÓúÀ´Óú¹ã·º¡£
΢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼ÁÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÑøÖíÉú²ú£¬¿ÉÌá¸ßÖíµÄÉú²úÐÔÄܺÍËÇÁÏÀûÓÃÂÊ£¬Ìá¸ß»úÌåÃâÒßÁ¦£¬¸ÄÉÆÖíÈâÆ·ÖÊ£¬¼õÉÙÑøÖ³¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄ¶ñ³ô£¬·ÀÖλ·¾³ÎÛȾ£¬¾ßÓйãÀ«µÄÓ¦ÓÃǰ¾°£¬¶øÑ¿æß¸Ë¾úÖÆ¼Á¸üÊÇÆäÖеÄٮٮÕß¡£
1 Ñ¿æß¸Ë¾úÄܹ»Ìá¹©ÓªÑø£¬Ìá¸ßÖíµÄÉú²úÐÔÄÜ
Ñ¿æß¸Ë¾úÔÚ¿ìËÙ·±Ö³¹ý³ÌÖУ¬»á²úÉú´óÁ¿¶àÖÖάÉúËØ¡¢ÓлúËá¡¢°±»ùËá¡¢µ°°×ø£¨ÌرðÊǼîÐÔµ°°×ø£©¡¢ÌÇ»¯Ã¸¡¢Ö¬·¾Ã¸¡¢µí·Ûø£¬Äܽµ½âÖ²ÎïÐÔËÇÁÏÖи´ÔÓµÄÓлúÎ´Ó¶ø´Ù½øÖí¶ÔÓªÑøÎïÖʵÄÏû»¯ÎüÊÕ£¬Ìá¸ßËÇÁÏÀûÓÃÂÊ£¬·ÀÖ¹ÖíÏû»¯²»Á¼£¬³öÏÖ“ËÇÁϱ㔵È×´¿ö¡£
2 Ñ¿æß¸Ë¾úÄܹ»ÔöÇ¿ÖíµÄÃâÒßÄÜÁ¦
×ÐÖí³¦µÀ¸ÐȾʱ£¬³¦µÀµÄÕý³£Î¢ÉúÎïµ÷¶¯³¦±Ú¹ÌÓвãµÄÃâÒßϸ°ûͨ¹ýÃâÒß·´Ó¦ÐγɻúÌåµÄµÚ¶þµÀ·ÀÏß¡£Ìí¼ÓÑ¿æß¸Ë¾úÓ°ÏìÁ˶ÏÄÌ×ÐÖíÌåÄÚµÄÎïÖÊ´úл£¬Ôö¼ÓÁ˲ÉʳÁ¿£¬Ìá¸ßÁË×ÐÖíµ°°×ÓªÑøÉãÈëˮƽ£¬½µµÍÁËÔçÆÚ¶ÏÄÌ×ÐÖíÌåÄڵĵ°°×Öʷֽ⣬¼ÓÇ¿Á˵ª³Á»ý£¬¶Ô»úÌåµÄµª¸ºÆ½ºâÓоÀÕý×÷Ó㬿ɽϺõر£Ö¤ÑªÒºÖеĿ¹ÌåÕý³£Êʶȵغϳɡ¢·ÖÃÚ£¬ÔöÇ¿¸ÎÔàºÏ³Éµ°°×µÄÄÜÁ¦£¬´Ó¶øÌá¸ß»úÌåÃâÒßÁ¦¡£Fuller(1989)Ö¸³ö£¬Ö±½ÓËÇι»îµÄ΢ÉúÎï¿É´Ì¼¤¶¯ÎïÃâÒ߯÷¹Ù·¢Óý£¬Ìá¸ß¶¯ÎÌåˮƽ»ò¾ÞÊÉϸ°û»îÐÔ£¬ÔöÇ¿»úÌåÃâÒß¹¦ÄÜ¡£
3 Ñ¿æß¸Ë¾úÏû³ý·àÄò¶ñ³ô£¬¸ÄÉÆ»·¾³ÎÀÉú£¬·ÀÖλ·¾³ÎÛȾ
Ðí¶à΢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼Á½øÈëÖíÌåºóÓ볦µÀÄÚÓÐÒæ¾úÏ໥Ðͬ£¬ÓÐЧÔöÇ¿³¦µÄ»î¶¯ÄÜÁ¦£¬Ìá¸ßµ°°×ÖʵÄÀûÓÃÂÊͬʱ£¬ÓÉÓÚ³¦µÀÓÐÒæ¾úµÄ´óÁ¿ÔöÖ³£¬ÊƱػáÒÖÖÆ´ó³¦¸Ë¾úµÈµÄ»î¶¯£¬´Ó¶ø¼õÉÙµ°°×ÖÊÏò°±ºÍ°·µÄת»¯£¬Ê¹³¦ÄÚºÍѪҺÖа±µÄŨ¶ÈϽµ£¬¼õÉÙËæ·à±ãÅųöµÄ°±Á¿£¬³ôζµÃµ½ÓÐЧ¿ØÖÆ£¬¸ÄÉÆÁËÉáÄÚ¿ÕÆøÖÊÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙÁË»úÌåÓ¦¼¤£¬½µµÍÁË»·¾³ÎÛȾ³Ì¶È¡£¶øÑ¿æß¸Ë¾úÄܹ»³ý³ôÇýÓ¬£¬¼õÉÙÎÛȾ£¬¿ØÖÆÏ¸¾úÐÔ¼²²¡£¬ÄܼõÉÙ·à±ãÖеª¡¢Áס¢¸ÆµÄÅÅйÁ¿£¬¼õÉÙ·à±ã³ôζ¼°Óк¦ÆøÌåÅÅ·Å£¬±íÏÖΪ¶¯Îï·à±ã³ôζÖð²½¼õÇᣬ¼õÉÙËÇÁϵ°°×ÖÊ·Ö½âΪ°±ÆøÀË·Ñ£¬´Ó¶ø¼õÉÙ»·¾³ÎÛȾ¡£
¾¡¹ÜÎÒ¹ú¶Ô΢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼ÁµÄÑо¿±ÈһЩ·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÆð²½Íí£¬µ«ÊÇÎÒÃǿռä´ó¡¢½øÕ¹¿ì£¬Î¢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼ÁµÄÓ¦ÓÃÒÑÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏÍÆ¶¯ÁËÎÒ¹úÑøÖíÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£Î¢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼Á¿É´Ù½øÐóÇݵÄÉú³¤·¢Óý¡¢Ìá¸ß»úÌåÃâÒßÁ¦¡¢¼õÉÙÐóÇݼ²²¡¡¢Ìá¸ßËÇÁÏÀûÓÃÂÊ¡¢½µµÍ¶Ô»·¾³µÄÎÛȾ£¬Í¬Ê±ÎªÈËÃÇÌṩƷÖʺá¢ÎÞ¹«º¦µÄÐó²úÆ·¡£ÓеÄѧÕßÔ¤ÑÔ£º¹â»ÔµÄ¿¹ÉúËØÊ±´úÖ®ºó£¬½«ÊÇÒ»¸öոеÄ΢Éú̬ʱ´ú¡£
ÎÒÃÇÏàÐÅËæ×ÅÑо¿µÄ²»¶ÏÉîÈ룬¿ÆÑ§µÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹£¬Î¢ÉúÌ¬ÖÆ¼Á½«ÓÐ×ŷdz£¹ãÀ«µÄÓ¦ÓÃǰ¾°£¬¶ø¶ÔÐóÄÁÒµµÄ·¢Õ¹±ØÈ»²úÉúºÜÇ¿µÄÍÆ¶¯×÷Óá£
°æÈ¨ËùÓÐ182ÌåÓý¼¯ÍŹٷ½ÍøÕ¾